The role of overlap and distribution of robotic TMS motor maps in children's hand function
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Introduction: Robotic transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) can be used to map individual hand muscles in primary motor cortex (M1). Distribution and overlap of such cortical representations are unknown in children. We quantified Jaccard Overlap (JO) (map similarity/overlap) and Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD) (map dissimilarity/distribution) of hand muscle representations to explore motor map organization and associations with function. Methods: Typically developing, right-handed children received bilateral neuronavigated robotic TMS motor mapping. A 12x12 grid (7mm spacing) was placed over the hand knob of left and right M1. Four TMS pulses were delivered per grid-point. Motor evoked potentials from the primary muscle (first dorsal interosseous, FDI), created 2D/3D maps that were compared to abductor pollicus brevis (APB), abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and wrist extensor (WEX). JO and EMD for each were evaluated within and between hemispheres using Friedman ANOVAs and Wilcoxon Tests. Associations between map metrics and motor performance (Purdue Pegboard Task, PPT) were explored with Spearman correlations. Results: Maps were obtainable and well tolerated in all 24 participants (12-18 years old, 50% female). JO and EMD were comparable between hemispheres. EMD within each hemisphere differed with anatomically approximated muscles exhibiting higher map JO and lower EMD. Within each hemisphere, cortical representation JO differed between muscle pairs. Differences in JO and EMD were greater in the dominant hemisphere. Left hemisphere JO FDI-APB correlated with right hand PPT scores. EMD and JO in the right hemisphere did not correlate with left hand motor performance. Conclusion: JO and EMD of hand muscle cortical representations may be useful measures for investigating M1 physiology and plasticity. Comparable JO and EMD between right and left hands suggest symmetrical hemispheric motor organization in healthy children. Keywords: Robotic Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), Motor Mapping, Motor Performance, Pediatrics
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".