Fluorine‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐computed tomography for staging of canine insulinoma: 3 cases (2019–2020)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objectives Canine insulinomas are uncommon malignant functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours with a high metastatic rate. Diagnostic imaging aids with staging and surgical planning of these tumours; however, identification is unpredictable across modalities. High‐grade human pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours display increased avidity on 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐CT. Materials and Methods Dogs with clinicopathologic findings consistent with pancreatic insulinoma were prospectively enrolled. Patients underwent 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐CT and CT angiography, followed by exploratory laparotomy. Results Three patients met the inclusion criteria and had histologically confirmed insulinomas. Both metastatic lesions in patient 1 were mildly avid (SUV max 2.79 and 3.01). In patient 2, the primary pancreatic insulinoma was minimally avid (SUV max 2.16). The primary pancreatic lesion in patient 3 had similar avidity to normal pancreatic parenchyma (SUV max 1.54) and was undetected on 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐CT. Insulinomas demonstrated variable attenuation and contrast enhancement patterns on CT angiography and certain lesions were more conspicuous than on 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐CT. Two metastatic lesions not visible on either imaging modality were discovered in patient 2 at surgery. Clinical Significance Canine insulinomas were inconsistently avid on 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐CT. This finding is likely attributable to the confounding clinicopathological features and multifaceted transformation of these tumours, in addition to the influence of variable tumour size, composition and vascularity. Unpredictable tumoural avidity limits the value of 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐CT for staging canine insulinomas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".