Modulation of cortical oscillations using 10hz near-infrared transcranial and intranasal photobiomodulation: a randomized sham-controlled crossover study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Objective: Transcranial Photobiomodulation (tPBM) provides a safe and noninvasive brain stimulation to intervene with brain functions. Despite the large body of reported clinical and behavioral outcomes, there is still need for a fuller understanding regarding NIR penetration and mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the effect of tPBM on cortical oscillations using power spectrum analysis. Methods: Twenty five healthy volunteers (9M/16F; mean age ± SD= 68.3± 6.63 years) received 20 minutes of active tPBM using 810 nm light-emitting diodes(LEDs), pulsed at 10 Hz with 50% duty cycle. In a randomized cross-over design, all participants received four arms of stimulation: (1) active (standard montage; LEDs irradiating the 4 hubs of default mode network), (2) active (non-standard montage - rearrangement of LEDs over right temporal-occipital regions, (3) active intranasal diode only, (4) sham (standard montage). Resting state EEG data was collected 10 minutes before (pre-tPBM), and at 10 and 30 minutes after (post10-tPBM; post30-tPBM) each stimulation session. The artifact-free resting-state data were used for power spectrum analysis. Results: Our power spectrum analysis showed significant changes in most frequency bands with all active stimulations (P<0.01). However, this modulation depended on the type and the location of stimulation. Namely, in type (1), a significant increase in theta, alpha, beta and gamma both post10-tPBM and post30-tPBM. For type (2), we found a significant increase in theta post30-tPBM, and alpha both post10 and post30-tPBM. For type (3) we found a significant increase in beta and gamma post10-tPBM and post30-tPBM, prominent in the posterior channels. Type (4) showed no significant change in any frequency bands. Conclusion: Findings from this study provide novel evidence that tPBM modulates neural oscillations in a frequency and location dependent manner. This is also the first investigation to measure the significant effect of an intranasal NIR LED on brain oscillation with EEG. Keywords: tPBM, EEG, power spectrum, cortical oscillation
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".