Dolomite Stimulation with Retarded Acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Globally, dolomite formations are important reservoirs for oil and gas. Acid stimulation is commonly used to extend the life of carbonate reservoirs, and a good understanding of the fluid performance is essential for effective treatment design. Three acids, hydrochloric acid (HCl), emulsified HCl, and a single-phase retarded acid based on HCl, were assessed for their ability to create wormholes in Silurian dolomite under laboratory conditions using a standard core flow experiment. Select cores were imaged by X-ray computed tomography to visualize the wormhole morphology. Similar experiments in Indiana limestone was used as a control. The core flow experiments showed that the pore volume to break-through (PVbt) values for the retarded acids in Indiana limestone were less sensitive to changes in temperature overall than unmodified HCl. For Silurian dolomite though, the opposite is observed. HCl has uniformly high PVbt values at lower (200 °F) and higher (325 °F). The emulsified acid and the single-phase retarded acid are more efficient than HCl, but the difference is smaller at 325 °F. Core images revealed that all three fluids had some degree of wormhole branching at 200 °F and much less branching at 325 °F. By visual inspection, the single-phase retarded acid has less ramification than HCl and the emulsified acid. Overall, the results show that retarded acids should make effective stimulation fluids for dolomite reservoirs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".