Effect of Stray Current on Cement-Based Materials under Sulfate Attack
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In coastal areas, concrete of subway infrastructure can be jeopardized by coupled degradation conditions of stray current and sulfate solution. This paper focuses on the effect of stray current on the durability of cement-based materials exposed to sulfate-rich environments. In addition to chemical analysis, mechanical, transport, and microstructural properties of specimens exposed to five conditions were analyzed: (1) control environment with no degradation conditions, (2) stray current, (3) internal mixing sulfate, (4) stray current and internal mixing sulfate, and (5) stray current and external sulfate solution. Experimental results of this study reveal that (1) stray current can exacerbate leaching of cement-based materials, and 40-V stray current results in greater leaching compared to specimens subjected to 20-V stray current; (2) compared to specimens subjected to internal mixing sulfate alone, the combined effect of stray current on the production of gypsum and ettringite is slight due to the increase in particle collision induced by stray current; and (3) stray current has a migration effect on the rate of SO42− ions ingress, which significantly aggravates the external sulfate attack on cement-based materials. The primary degradation products were ettringite and gypsum, which results in the cracking and the maximum decrease in strength of 47.1% after exposure to coupled conditions of 40-V stray current and external sulfate solution for 150 days.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".