Ambient Condition, Three‐Layer Slot‐Die Coated Organic Photovoltaics with PCE of 10%
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Organic photovoltaics have emerged as a low‐cost and sustainable technology suitable for integration into everyday life. Record power conversion efficiencies (PCE) are rising, having surpassed 18% for single‐junction devices. However, most work is still carried out using laboratory‐scale techniques and conditions which are not representative of what can be achieved in an industrial setting. Herein, the use of a high‐performance bulk‐heterojunction (BHJ) system (i.e., PM6:Y6C12) in fabricating devices with commercially available materials, with all organic layers slot‐die coated (hole transport layer, electron transport layer, and photoactive layer), without thermally treating the active layer, using non‐halogenated solvents, and in ambient condition is demonstrated. A conventional architecture is used, where the hole transport layer (PEDOT:PSS), the electron transport layer (PFNBr), and the photoactive layer (PM6:Y6C12), are all slot‐die coated in air from water, methanol, and o‐xylene, respectively. Photovoltaic devices have an average efficiency of 10.1%, which is among the highest reported for devices with three slot‐die coated layers obtained in ambient conditions from halogen‐free solvents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".