Youth negotiations: Navigating public space access and urban planning transformations in Hanoi, Vietnam
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the mid-1990s, municipal authorities in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam’s capital, Hanoi, have encouraged rapid urban development and expansion with little public input or feedback. Private gated communities, high-rise apartment blocks, and vast shopping malls are proliferating alongside new transportation infrastructure. While these transformations create new opportunities for some, others face increasing marginalisation and inequality. This paper draws conceptually on debates concerning youth in public spaces, youth and post-socialist cities, and everyday politics and on fieldwork in Hanoi to analyse the impacts that urban morphological changes are having on Hanoi’s heterogeneous youth cohort, and their responses. We find youth centrally concerned by rising pollution and diminishing green spaces and increasingly searching for new ‘pseudo-public’ spaces for leisure activities. Many are also suspicious of investment sources for new infrastructure and frustrated by a lack of access to accurate information. Yet, despite limited opportunities to voice concerns regarding the state’s bold development plans for the country’s capital, youth do not remain passive. While differentiating by socioeconomic class, we suggest that youth navigate current transformations and policies through a range of resourceful tactics. They are also vocal and innovative regarding future urban scenarios that they wish to see implemented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".