A STUDY OF THE MELTING OF n-OCTADECANE IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL ANNULI: ONSET OF CONVECTION AND GLOBAL MELTING
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the present study, the melting of n-octadecane (a PCM with a melting temperature of 300.65 K) in horizontal cylindrical annuli heated at constant temperatures from the centre-tube was investigated numerically. The outer circumference of the annuli was insulated. COMSOL Multiphysics 5.3 was used to conduct the simulations using the modified heat capacity-porosity method, where the impact of the mushy zone constant was also evaluated. The diameters of the centre-tubes were 18, 27, and 36 mm; the initial temperatures of the PCM were 2.5, 7.5, 15 and 22.5 K below its melting temperature, and the temperatures of the heat transfer fluid (HTF), flowing through the centre-tube, were 8.4, 25.3 and 42.2 K above the melting temperature of the PCM. The Stefan numbers based on the differences between the temperature of the HTF and the melting temperature of the PCM were 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5. Correlations were developed for the onset of natural convection and for global melting. These results, as well as solid-liquid interfaces, were validated against in-house experimental results. The correlations for the onset of natural convection, derived from the numerical studies, are in-line with those obtained experimentally. In addition, the relationships of global melt volume with the different geometric and operational parameters derived numerically agrees well with the ones obtained experimentally.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".