Chapter One: Introduction: Access to Medicines as a Human Right – What Does it Mean for Pharmaceutical Industry Responsibilities?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Forman and Kohler's chapter introduces a new interdisciplinary collection published through the University of Toronto Press which grapples with corporate responsibility for the provision of medicines in low- and middle-income countries. The introductory chapter sets the legal and political context for this exploration, looking at the nature of corporate responsibilities within international human rights law and the particular question of the nature of pharmaceutical company responsibilities towards drug access in low and middle-income countries. The chapter overviews the rest of the collection, which brings together scholars and activists from around the world to examine human rights, norms, and ethics in relation to the pharmaceutical sector, consider the tensions between pharmaceutical companies' social and business duties, and complement broad examinations of global conditions with case studies illustrating different approaches for addressing corporate conduct. Authors include: Asher Alkoby (Ryerson University), Richard Elliott (Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network), Lisa Forman (University of Toronto), Paul Hunt (University of Essex), Patricia Illingworth (Northeastern University), Rajat Khosla (Demand Dignity; Amnesty International), Jillian Clare Kohler (University of Toronto), Matthew Lee (Overwaitea Pharmacies), Joel Lexchin (York University), Judith King (Centre for Economic Governance and AIDS in Africa), and Stephanie Nixon (University of Toronto, University of KwaZulu-Natal).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".