Bibliographic record
Abstract
Benzophenones are widely used as organic UV filters in many personal care products, especially sunscreen, to protect humans from UV radiation. The increasing use of benzophenone class UV filters has raised concerns about the potential effects on the aquatic environment. These organic UV filters are designed to absorb UV light. However, to date, studies have not considered the potential of UV light to potentiate the toxicity of benzophenones in aquatic organisms. In this study using zebrafish embryos, we assessed the median lethal concentration (LC<sub>50</sub>) and sub-lethal effects of benzophenone and oxybenzone either under natural levels of UV light or under laboratory light conditions. The LC<sub>50</sub> value in zebrafish embryos under both light conditions of oxybenzone was lower when compared to benzophenone. Interestingly, UV light significantly decreased the LC<sub>50</sub> values (increased toxicity) of both benzophenone and oxybenzone. The presence of UV light induced a significant increase in hydroxyl radical formation and this was reflected in both increased SOD activity and lipid peroxidation in oxybenzone treated groups. Exposure to either benzophenone or oxybenzone also delayed hatching between 60 and 96 hpf when comparing to the control group while UV exposure further delayed hatching only in oxybenzone-exposed embryos. The results demonstrate the importance of involving UV light in toxicity testing for UV filters and provide much-need information on the UV-induced toxicity of benzophenone and oxybenzone under ecologically realistic conditions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".