Homelessness and Criminal Exploitation of Russian Minors: Realities, Resources, and Legal Remedies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The demographics of the Russian Federation are alarming. According to Russian president Vladimir Putin, the population of the country declines by roughly 750,000 persons per year.(1) If that trend continues, there will be fewer than twenty-two million Russian citizens in 2015.(2) Numerous problems account for the declining population: out-migration, as well as high infant mortality rates and low life expectancy rates that are in turn results of high unemployment and increased poverty, infectious diseases, environmental hazards, and substance abuse.(3) President Putin has addressed some of the problems publicly, but few concrete measures have been taken to deal with them, with the exception of increasing minimum wages and pensions. What about the children who are born into Russian society? How are they being cared for? What protections does the society provide to its children so that they can grow to be healthy and productive contributors to the public good? One of the biggest threats to the future of Russia and to its demographic status is the ever-expanding problem of child homelessness and juvenile crime.(4) A homeless or neglected youth (beznadzornyi) is defined as a minor over whom control of behavior is absent as a result of the parents' or legal guardians' failure to fulfill, or to fulfill reliably, their child-rearing responsibilities. Besprizornyi--a more commonly used Russian term for a homeless youth--is defined legally as a beznadzornyi who lacks a place of residence (zhitel'stvo ili prebyvaniye); this usually refers to orphans and in some instances to children who have no place to sleep.(5) Homeless children are extremely vulnerable to enticement into criminal schemes and are increasingly being recruited, relocated, abused, and exploited for profit--especially by criminals such as drug traffickers, child molesters, black marketeers in transplant organs, and corrupt adoption agents seeking to exploit the demand for children's services. According to the Main Directorate of Internal Affairs (GUVD) in Moscow, several cases of missing children are reported daily and for every reported child there are undoubtedly countless others who leave home voluntary or forcibly, or who escape from orphanages without their absence being recorded.(6) I will address several aspects of the homelessness problem in Russia: environmental sources such as poverty and unemployment; similarities between the homelessness experienced in the interwar period in Soviet history and today; and law enforcement and legislative measures undertaken to address the problem. I call upon the Bush administration to bolster, with rhetorical and financial backing, programs that benefit children and the social welfare, health, and educational agencies that provide care for them in Russia. Source of the Problem: Nature or Nurture? Homelessness and juvenile crime are related phenomena, and many criminologists and sociologists call homelessness the mother of juvenile crime. As in many spheres of social science, the sources of these problems are debated and are usually placed either with factors (such as genetics or child-rearing practices) or with adverse factors (such as poverty and unemployment). Although the debate has gone back and forth historically, in recent years many criminologists in the West have embraced the developmental over the situational factors and focused research on dysfunctional families and child-rearing practices. Psychological, physical, and sexual forms of abuse encountered in family settings are deemed the key determinants of homelessness, juvenile crime, and enhanced vulnerability to exploitation. Child homelessness is often a result of harmful familial dynamics in which children are physically, emotionally, or psychologically abused by alcohol- or drug-addicted, or psychologically impaired parents. Research among Canadian sociologists, however, seeks to break ranks and demonstrate that bleak situations--shortages of food and housing due to socioeconomic conditions--in which children find themselves are better determinants in predicting homelessness and juvenile crime. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".