Bibliographic record
Abstract
The UNECE region's economic recovery has been sluggish; national income in more than half of the region’s countries has yet to return to 2008 levels and unemployment remains high. Numerous risks remain that could endanger even moderate growth in 2014 and beyond as the eurozone crisis appears to be deepening. Further deterioration in the eurozone or an economic downturn in a major country might have significant implications not only for the European Union but also for the global economy. The European housing construction market is still stagnant due to the ongoing sovereign debt crisis, a recession in several countries and the lingering effects of the collapse of the Spanish and Irish housing markets. Growth estimates are negative for new housing and remodelling in 2013 - with improvement in new housing not expected until 2014 at the earliest. Uncertainties about the sovereign debt crisis and a lack of confidence in several European countries, in addition to increasing unemployment, low consumer sentiment, tightened loan requirements and adverse income prospects, have contributed to the unstable performance of the European housing markets. This may hinder a robust housing recovery in Europe. The United States housing market is improving; yet, to place things in perspective, housing starts remain at historically low levels. United States home prices are increasing year on year; the Standard & Poor's 10- and 20-City Composites have increased 10.3% and 10.9%, respectively. North American building material demand and prices have increased substantially from their 2010 levels. Canadian and United States forest-product exports are stable, particularly due to Chinese imports. North American forest-product firms also are benefitting from the improving United States housing market. Canada's economic fundamentals slowed in late 2012 and this trend is expected to continue into 2013. Forecasts suggest modest housing demand, with a resulting decline in housing starts in 2013.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.100 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".