VI. Conclusion-Brazil's Conduct Compromises Its Ability to Acquire the Tools of Innovation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A. WHAT OTHER COUNTRIES ARE DOING TO STRENGTHEN IPRs AND THEIR ABILITY TO INNOVATE In the words of one Ugandan-born American bioscientist, key to economic development is the presence of the institutions of a free society: property rights, the rule of law, free markets and limited government ... Strong intellectual property rights, administered and enforced in an impartial manner, have been an important part of this framework. As a result ... countries ... which have [put this] ... institutional framework [] in place have experienced the growth of 'knowledge-based' industries--to the benefit of all (emphasis added). (1092) An increasing number of developing countries have discovered the important role that IPRs can play in establishing the proper enabling environment for innovation and economic development, and have stepped forward to increase protection of IPRs. Patents China Just recently, the World Intellectual Property Organization announced that China had tiled 44 percent more patent applications (2,452) under the WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty (1093) during 2005 than it had during the previous year. Patent Cooperation Treaty ... allows inventors to use a single registration to seek patents in many countries simultaneously. This ... 44 per cent increase ... means China has overtaken Australia, Canada and Italy to become the tenth biggest user of the treaty, adopted in 2000 ... The number of patents filed by developing countries grew by 20 per cent between 2004 and 2005, and now represent 6.7 per cent of the total [number of patents filed globally]. Leading this growth are China (with 2,452 patents in 2005), India (648), South Africa (336), Brazil (283) and Mexico (136) (emphasis added). (1094) This seems to reflect the growing awareness within Chinese government and industry circles that legal protection of their indigenous intellectual property assets, including patent (and even copyrights) will actually help rather than hinder the technological advancement and global competitiveness of Chinese companies. (1095) Yet, one must remain circumspect about whether this rash of patent applications actually reflects innovations that are made by rather than simply in China--i.e., whether they were merely the result of reverse-engineered products coupled with newly synthesized processes of manufacture. The importance of intellectual property was discussed during a recent interview conducted by the Xinhua news agency with the Commissioner of China's State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO). 'Improvement of China's existing intellectual property system will stimulate innovation-based competitiveness', said Tian Lipu, commissioner of the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO), on Wednesday, In an interview with Xinhua, Tian said his office began drafting a national intellectual property strategy aimed at helping build an innovative nation in 2005. 'The government should create a favorable environment for breeding technological innovations by working out new policies and adopting incentive measures. The system of intellectual property right protection is also targeted at spurring innovative activities of individuals', Tian said. 'As the backbone of international market competition', Tian said, 'enterprises should be encouraged to invest more in research and development and should have more technologies with intellectual property (emphasis added). (1096) Nevertheless, only the passage of time will determine whether the entire Chinese government will see the virtue of stepping up their national protection of foreign intellectual property fights. In this regard, China's cooperation with the U.S. on intellectual property enforcement matters, particularly, its willingness to promptly provide the U.S. with details about Chinese IPR enforcement activities is essential to diffusing the current tensions. In fact, earlier this year, certain information delays prompted some American politicians and advocacy groups to call for WTO retaliation. …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".