Natural selection and the evolution of replicated trophic polymorphisms in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Diversifying selection is expected to operate through all phases of adaptive divergence. If selection is not shown to be diversifying at the earliest stages of divergence when phenotypes are minimally differentiated, then this theory can be challenged. We test for evidence of diversifying selection between lake environments in the nascent divergence of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus), a divergence that is embedded in the apparent adaptive radiation of North American sunfishes. Pumpkinseed individuals primarily inhabit and appear partially adapted to either inshore littoral or offshore pelagic habitats and resources, the same environmental axes that differentiate various sunfish taxa. We first demonstrate associations between phenotype, lake habitat and diet between ecomorphs in three populations from the Mazinaw region of Ontario. This confirms that the range of pumpkinseed trophic polymorphism extends beyond the Adirondack region of New York State. Second, we show a replicated pattern of divergence between ecomorphs across 26 populations in Ontario and New York, for four of ten external body form traits predicted to influence habitat-specific swimming and foraging performance. Selection is implicated because replicated divergence among populations at this larger regional scale is unlikely to have arisen through random processes. Plastic responses to environmental conditions contribute to body form variation in sunfish, but preliminary evidence from other studies suggests that it is the plastic developmental system that has begun to diverge between ecomorphs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".