Bibliographic record
Abstract
The application of ultrasound and microbubbles (USMB) has been shown to enhance both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This study investigated the potential of triple combination therapy comprised of USMB, docetaxel (Taxotere: TXT) chemotherapy and XRT to enhance treatment efficacy. Prostate cancer (PC3) cells in suspension were treated with various combinations of USMB, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Cells were treated with ultrasound and microbubbles (500 kHz pulse center frequency, 580 kPa peak negative pressure, 10 μs pulse duration, 60 s insonation time and 2% Definity microbubbles (v/v)), XRT (2 Gy), and Taxotere (TXT) at concentrations ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 nM for 5- and 120-minutes duration. Following treatment, cell viability was assessed using a clonogenic assay. Therapeutic efficiency of the combined treatments depended on chemotherapy and microbubble exposure conditions. Under the exposure conditions of the study, the triple combination therapy synergistically enhanced clonogenic cell death compared to single and double combination therapy. Cell viability of ∼2% was achieved with the triple combination therapy corresponding to ∼29, ∼37, and ∼38 folds decrease compared to XRT (57%), USMB (74%) and TXT (76%) alone conditions, respectively. In addition, the triple combination therapy decreased cell viability by ∼29, ∼19- and ∼11 folds compared to TXT<sub>2hr</sub> + USMB (58%), TXT<sub>2hr</sub> + XRT (37%), and USMB + XRT (22%), respectively. The <i>in vivo</i> PC3 tumours showed that USMB significantly enhanced cell death through detection of apoptosis (TUNEL) with both TXT and TXT + XRT. The study demonstrated that the triple combination therapy can significantly enhance cell death in prostate cancer cells both <i>in vitro and in vivo</i> under relatively low chemotherapy and ionizing radiation doses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".