Reduction-Sulfurization Smelting Process of Waste Hydrogenation Catalysts, Automotive Exhaust Purifier Waste Catalysts, and Laterite Nickel Ore.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ternary slag system, at a smelting temperature of 1450 °C, smelting time of 2 h, mass ratio of coke, pyrite, and CaO to waste catalysts of 16, 25, and 0%, respectively, nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) recovery reached 91.1 and 92.9%, respectively, where average PGMs (platinum group metals, platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh)) recovery reached 96%, although vanadium (V) recovery was only 25.1%. The characterization of the slag shows that Al, Si, and Fe are mainly bound in the form of chemical compounds, while V is intercalated with ferro- or aluminosilicate, which hinders the reduction and sulfurization of V. A series of tests using reduction smelting without sulfurization were also conducted, after which the Ni, Mo, and V recovery reached 96.8, 96.6, and 89.7%, respectively, while PGMs (Pt, Pd, Rh) recovery ranges from 90.2 to 98.0%. The collaborative disposal of primary ore and multisource solid waste has been achieved through two process paths: reducing smelting and reducing sulfurization smelting, which provide reference for the collaborative smelting of multisource secondary resources.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".