Rainwater quality as an indicator of atmospheric pollution status of Harare, Zimbabwe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The quality of rainwater in Harare, Zimbabwe’s main industrial harbor was studied by monitoring selected physical and chemical parameters over a period of five years, (1993 to 1997). The parameters monitored were pH, electrical conductivity, sulphates (SO2 4), nitrates (NO3), chlorides (Cl-), ammonium (NH4), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+) and selected heavy metals: lead, (Pb); copper, (Cu) and iron, (Fe). The Harare rainwater was found to have elevated levels of dissolved solutes with a mean conductivity value over the study period of 2.45 uScm of the measured chemical parameters, the rainwater was found to contain significantly elevated levels of dissolved sulphates (o.464mgL-1), chlorides (o.269 mgL-1), and calcium (0.246 mgL-1). However the concentration levels of the pollutants in the Harare rainwater were found to be generally lower than those reported by Nosal et al. (1984) from a similar study carried out in the heavily polluted industrial town of Alberta in Canada. The pollutant levels were also found to be within the acceptable limits of the Zimbabwe Government Water Regulations, Effluent and Water Quality Standards (1977). 1 Department of Chemical Technology, Midlands State University, P/B 9055, Gweru, Zimbabwe Email: jn_zvimbamsu@yahoo.com
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".