Systemic absorption of topical gentamicin sinus irrigation.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Evidence surrounding systemic absorption of gentamicin during intraoperative irrigation of the paranasal sinuses is lacking. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) if topical gentamicin is absorbed from the paranasal sinuses, (2) if hearing loss occurs following topical administration of gentamicin, and (3) if gentamicin placed within the sinuses travels retrograde (against mucociliary clearance) up the auditory tube to the middle ear. DESIGN: Consecutive, prospective case series. SETTING: Tertiary centre. METHODS: A series of patients undergoing sinus surgery were identified. Fluorescein-stained gentamicin was used to irrigate the sinus cavities intraoperatively. Otoscopy using a filtered light source was performed 30 minutes postoperatively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Serum gentamicin levels preirrigation and at 30 minutes postirrigation and (2) change in pure-tone average and threshold at 8 kHz pre- and postoperative audiograms. RESULTS: Twenty patients were enrolled. Serum gentamicin levels were detectable in three patients. Fluorescein irrigation solution was not visualized in the middle ear space. No significant hearing loss was observed in any of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: Gentamicin may be absorbed from the nasal mucosa during intraoperative irrigation of the sinuses. However, detectable serum levels were well below therapeutic levels. The clinical significance of this finding requires further study to determine if topical sinus irrigation with gentamicin is a safe procedure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".