Mass Flux Measurement of Two Phase Dense Spray Using a Coupled Impulse Probe and PDPA Technique
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mass flux and void fraction measurement in a multiphase dense spray is a challenging task. The Phase Doppler Particle Anemometer (PDPA) cannot provide accurate mass flux measurements in a highly turbulent multiphase spray due to the presence of non-spherical and multiple droplets in the probe volume. A combined measurement of momentum data from the impulse probe and velocity data from the PDPA provides a fairly reasonable estimate of mass flux data in the two phase spray envelope. Experimental results show that mass flux at 60Dn (Dn= nozzle diameter of 3.10 mm) downstream of a horizontal nozzle tip is 0.033 kg/s, 0.034 kg/s and 0.0005 kg/s obtained from the theoretical value, impulse probe method and PDPA technique, respectively. This study will help answer some of the fundamental questions about the mass flux distribution in the two phase dense spray, which will aid in the improvement of the multiphase atomization design process in industrial applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".