Propolis and its bioactive chemical constituents offer a novel and sustainable treatment option for kinetoplastid infections
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The kinetoplastids are a group of protozoan parasites characterized by the presence of a unique organelle, called the kinetoplast, that is located inside a single mitochondrion and contains a large amount of DNA called kinetoplast DNA (kDNA). Kinetoplastids of medical and veterinary significance include Trypanosoma spp. (the etiological agents of human and animal African Trypanosomiasis, surra, dourine, and Chagas disease), and Leishmania spp. (the causative agents of the various forms of leishmaniasis). Millions of people, and their domesticated animals, living in endemic regions across the globe are at risk of these Neglected Tropical Diseases. All of the human and veterinary conditions can be disabling or fatal if not adequately treated, and no vaccines are available. However, drug treatment is hampered by the challenges of drug resistance and toxicity to the mostly very old drugs. We have been investigating propolis (a natural product made by bees from tree resins), and compounds isolated from it, as novel agents against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species. Our results show that propolis and some of the phytochemicals isolated from it, have no in vitro growth inhibition against mammalian cells, but displayed low EC50 against Trypanosoma and Leishmania species, without a loss of activity against diamidine- and arsenical-resistant or phenanthridine-resistant T. brucei strains, or a miltefosine-resistant L. mexicana strain. These results provide sufficient scope for further investigations of propolis-derived natural compounds toward the rational development of sustainable drugs against these kinetoplastids.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".