Mucoadhesive Polymers Enhance Ocular Drug Delivery: Proof of Concept Study with 0.5% Tropicamide in Dogs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the efficacy of 0.5% tropicamide applied after topical administration of 1.4% hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) or 1.2% hyaluronic acid (HA) at different time intervals. Methods: Eleven healthy Labrador retriever dogs were used. The study consisted of 7 trials in which pupil diameter (PD) was measured every 30 min for 7 h after drug administration. In trial 1, PD was measured after tropicamide application (control). In trials 2–7, PD was measured after treatment with tropicamide 10 s, 1 and 5 min after application of HEC or HA. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and post hoc Holm-Sidak tests. Results: Maximal PD (mean ± standard deviation) was significantly greater ( P < 0.001) in 5 of 6 experimental trials, with the greatest PD recorded when HEC was applied 1 min (12.2 ± 0.4 mm) and HA 10 s (12.3 ± 0.5 mm) before tropicamide, compared with 11.2 ± 0. 7 mm in control trial 1. PD >10 mm was maintained for 2.75–5 h in trials 2–7 and 2.25 h in trial 1 ( P < 0.001). Area under the PD–time curve ranged from 61.9 to 71.3 ± 2.9 mm·hours in trials 2–7, significantly greater than 59.3 ± 1.8 mm·hours in control trial 1 ( P ≤ 0.031). Conclusions: Tropicamide efficacy was enhanced by prior administration of a mucoadhesive polymer. Additional studies are needed to determine if HEC and HA of varying concentrations similarly extend and potentiate the effect of other topical ophthalmic drugs in canine eyes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".