From Mother‐Patriot to Sister‐Lover: Changing Visions of Womanhood in Nineteenth‐Century Poland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This article provides an analysis of different approaches to gender and the Polish women's question in the first half of the nineteenth century, particularly focusing on the Romantic era (roughly 1820–63), when the Polish question dominated political and cultural life. The ideal of an elite woman as a primarily home‐bound mother and educator of the next generation of Poles gained traction among nation‐builders during the brief Enlightenment reform period at the end of the eighteenth century. After the dissolution of the Polish‐Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795), such ideas continued to remain in public circulation until the massive November Uprising of 1830–31, when some aristocratic women pushed the bounds of womanhood into a public, nationalised space by aiding and participating in the war effort. This article explores different ideas about gender and the nation using official statutes, women's life writing and Romantic literature. It will show changes in attitudes and actions before and after the November Uprising and pay particular attention to Narcyza Żmichowska and the Enthusiast women's movement of the 1840s which offered another way of being a woman than subordinate companionship to menfolk and their idea of the nation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.015 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".