Polymer Quantification Methods for Geosynthetic Clay Liners Enhanced with Anionic Polymers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two methods of quantifying the amount of anionic polymer in enhanced bentonites (EBs), total carbon (TC) and loss on ignition (LOI), and several procedures were evaluated. Both methods can be applied to EBs comprising sodium bentonite (NaB) and a polymer. The composite procedure requires the use of a calibration curve created via measurement of the same EBs at varying known polymer contents. The component procedure separates the measurements of the NaB and polymer comprising the EB. The procedures evaluated included component LOI, composite TC, and two component TC procedures, one that measured only TC (component A TC) and another that measured both TC and total inorganic carbon (component B TC). The EBs evaluated included NaB enhanced with one of several anionic polymers, including low-, medium-, and high-molecular-weight poly(acrylic acid), low- and high-viscosity sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and covalently crosslinked sodium polyacrylate. Polymer contents of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) containing EBs after permeation with 500 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) or 167 mM calcium chloride (CaCl2) also were determined, and the results from the different procedures were compared. The component LOI procedure underestimated the actual polymer content of EB regardless of specimen mass or polymer type. The polymer content of nonhydrated EB-GCLs was measured within ±0.1 % (error ≤ ±6.0 %) using the composite TC procedure, corroborating the usefulness of this procedure for determining the polymer content of the EBs in pre-permeated EB-GCLs. The polymer loading of nonhydrated EBs in EB-GCLs also was measured within ±0.3 % (error ≤ ±6.4 %) using the component A TC procedure. In post-permeated EB-GCLs, the composite and component A TC procedures resulted in final polymer contents similar to those for the component B TC procedure (within 0.4–0.8 %). Thus, all three TC procedures were viable for quantifying the polymer content of the post-permeated EB-GCLs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".