Making A Grade: Victorian Examinations and the Rise of Standardized Testing James Elwick University of Toronto Press, 2021. 234 pp. $70.00 (cloth). ISBN 9781487508937; 9781487539351 (ebook)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
race" as the unique bearer of culture and progress.The conflation of race with genetically mediated cognitive incapacity of course still continues.If anything, I think Goodey has underplayed the power of developmental discourses to shape conceptions of human nature.Goodey has provided a rich and interesting prism through which to view development.However, as he indicates, he focuses mainly on ideas and only in a general way on the social contexts which may have helped shape them.Goodey does single out social institutions as an area for further investigation but (legitimately, I think) one which is beyond the scope of this book.What does come through, however, is his passion for children who have great difficulty in fitting into their educational and social worlds and are often neglected.We need to consider ways in which we may change these worlds themselves.However, with regard to the "mind sciences," it is worth noting that many of the policies regarding children and their development in the 20th century did not occur among academic psychologists.Instead, they happened in contexts such as the mental hygiene movement, the mental health professions, social reforms, and education.In more recent years activists and advocates (including parents), as well as politicians, have become part of this larger enterprise.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.012 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.026 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".