Interspecific parental care by a European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) at the nest of a Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is a cavity-nesting species that aggressively competes with other cavity nesters, such as woodpeckers, and usurps their nest cavities. Interspecific parental care among birds is uncommon and scarcely reported for European Starlings and woodpeckers. Here, we report an observation of a clutch of 3 Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus) nestlings being fed by both an adult female Hairy Woodpecker and at least 1 adult European Starling in southern Ontario, Canada. There are differences in parental behavior observed between the starling and female Hairy Woodpecker, namely only the starling entered the cavity (7.0 times/h) and removed fecal sacs (4.2 times/h) while the female Hairy Woodpecker never showed these behaviors during our observation period, but she fed nestlings 7.4 times/h compared to 4.9 times/h by the starling. Although proximate causes of this behavior are unclear, nest site competition, overlap of the timing of breeding and preferred habitat, or the loss of the male woodpecker may have triggered this behavior.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".