Developmental and Hepatic Gene Expression Changes in Chicken Embryos Exposed to <i>p</i>-Tert-Butylphenyl Diphenyl Phosphate and Isopropylphenyl Phosphate via Egg Injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are used in a variety of products such as clear coats, resins, and plastics; however, research into their toxicological effects is limited. p-Tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (BPDP) and isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP) are two OPFRs that were prioritized for whole-animal toxicological studies based on observed effects in cultured avian hepatocytes in a previous study. The present study investigates the toxicity of BPDP and IPPP in chicken embryos at different developmental stages by evaluating morphological and gene expression endpoints. Chicken eggs were exposed via air cell injection to 0-250 μg/g (nominal) of either compound and then artificially incubated. At day 11 (midincubation), liver samples were collected for mRNA expression analysis; and at day 20 (1 day prehatch), morphological measurements and liver samples for transcriptomic evaluation were collected. At 250 μg/g, gallbladder size was significantly reduced for both compounds, head/bill length and tarsus length were significantly decreased, and liver somatic index was significantly increased following IPPP exposure only. No effects on mortality were observed up to the highest administered concentration for either chemical. Using a ToxChip polymerase chain reaction array, we report significant differences in hepatic gene expression for both compounds and time points; the most pronounced transcriptomic effects occurred at midincubation. Genes related to xenobiotic metabolism, bile acid/cholesterol regulation, and oxidative stress were significantly dysregulated. Given these changes observed throughout avian embryonic development, further research into the long-term effects of BPDP and IPPP are warranted, especially as they pertain to liver cholestasis. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:739-747. © 2021 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry © 2021 SETAC. Reproduced with the permission of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".