Ecology, conservation status, and phylogenetic placement of endemic <i>Pristimantis</i> frogs (Anura: Craugastoridae) in Trinidad and Tobago and genetic affinities to northern Venezuela
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Trinidad and Tobago are home to three endemic species in the anuran genus Pristimantis , of which two ( Pristimantis charlottevillensis and Pristimantis turpinorum ) occur in Tobago alone and the third ( Pristimantis urichi ) is present on both islands. Earlier, the IUCN assessed the conservation status of these species as: P. urichi , Endangered (EN); P. charlottevillensis , Least Concern (LC); P. turpinorum , Vulnerable (VU). However, these assessments were based on very little field‐based evidence. Here, we present survey results which contributed to reassessments as LC, VU and Data Deficient for these three species, respectively. Despite the close proximity of Trinidad to northern Venezuela, the islands do not share any Pristimantis species with the mainland, which holds a rich endemicity of Pristimantis regionally. In this study, we used genetic sequencing from several island populations and compared them to northern Venezuelan endemics to assess genetic divergence for the first time. The time tree analyses found that only the northern Tobago species P. turpinorum is closely related to mainland Pristimantis , with a genetic split dating to the Late Miocene, suggesting a vicariant event of mainland and island species. Pristimantis urichi , although identical between the two islands, remains highly divergent from the mainland species. Similar results were found for P. charlottevillensis . In addition, there was a high level of divergence between P. urichi and P. charlottevillensis . These findings indicate different island colonization events by different lineages. Sequencing other Venezuelan species remains pivotal to unravel the complexity of the colonization episodes in the region, likely influenced by the changing topography and multiple connection and isolation episodes of the islands by eustatic sea‐level changes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it