Quantitative Characterization of Bamboo Cortex’structure Based on X-ray Microtomography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Bamboo is a natural fiber composite with layered structure. Millions of years of evolution have endowed bamboo with the most effective structure in nature. The ingenious microstructure provides bamboo with excellent mechanical properties. Bamboo culm is composed of the cortex, a middle layer, and a pith ring. The cortex refers to the area starting from the periphery of the culm wall to the vascular bundles. The present study obtained the two-dimensional microstructure of bamboo cortex cells by optical microscopy and characterized the three-dimensional structure through high-resolution X-ray microtomography (µCT). Based on the analysis, the bamboo cortex cells were classified into four layers: epidermis layer, hypodermis layer, transitional layer, and parenchyma layer. The average pore volume of the bamboo cortex was about 1.54×10-6 mm3, the porosity was 36.1%, and the relative density was 0.639. The epidermis layer, hypodermis layer, transition layer, and parenchyma layer cells had a cell cavity volume of 917.81 µm3, 714.22 µm3, 1258.19 µm3, and 3117.65 µm3, respectively, an average length3d (L) of 19.38 µm, 25.84 µm, 26.46 µm, and 34.88 µm, respectively, an average breadth3d (W) of 14.11 µm, 9.44 µm, 15.22 µm, and 16.6 µm, respectively, and sphericity of 0.85, 0.76, 0.75, and 0.78, respectively. Studies on bamboo anatomical structure, especially three-dimensional digital characterization, will enrich the bamboo microstructure database. Besides, the three-dimensional structure of the bamboo cortex revealed in this study can provide a reference for optimizing composite material hierarchy and biomimetic design.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".