Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
VenueGlobal Change Biology · 2021
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEarth and Planetary Sciences
TopicClimate change and permafrost
Canadian institutionsQueen's UniversityParks CanadaCarleton UniversityEnvironment and Climate Change CanadaSimon Fraser UniversityUniversity of British ColumbiaMemorial University of Newfoundland
FundersH2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ActionsNemzeti Kutatási, Fejlesztési és Innovaciós AlapAustralian Antarctic DivisionFundação para a Ciência e a TecnologiaDanish Agency for Science and Higher EducationAustralian Research CouncilCentro de Estudos Ambientais e Marinhos, Universidade de AveiroDeutsches Zentrum für integrative Biodiversitätsforschung Halle-Jena-LeipzigComisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y TecnológicaInstitut chilien de l'AntarctiqueProvincia autonoma di Bolzano - Alto AdigeJunta de Castilla y LeónMinistry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian FederationUniversität InnsbruckRégion BretagneLandes TirolsGobierno de AragónNordenskiöld-samfundetAgencia Nacional de Investigación y DesarrolloStockholms UniversitetInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaVlaamse Interuniversitaire RaadOulun YliopistoMinistério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino SuperiorAgentúra na Podporu Výskumu a VývojaInstituto de Ecología y BiodiversidadConsortium of International Agricultural Research CentersMinisterio de Ciencia e InnovaciónNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaInstitut Polaire Français Paul Emile VictorEuropean Regional Development FundMax-Planck-GesellschaftAarhus Universitets ForskningsfondCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueQatar PetroleumKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseIran National Science FoundationNorges ForskningsrådAustralian GovernmentMinistero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della RicercaDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftNederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekVedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAVGrantová Agentura České RepublikyConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasSlovenská Akadémia ViedNational Geographic SocietyKempe FoundationAkademie Věd České RepublikyEesti TeadusagentuurRussian Foundation for Basic ResearchBundesamt für UmweltNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungMinisterstvo Školství, Mládeže a TělovýchovyNatural Environment Research CouncilMinistério da Ciência, Tecnologia e InovaçãoSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungSight Research UKAgence Nationale de la RechercheYayasan Sime DarbyHorizon 2020 Framework ProgrammeVetenskapsrådetArcticNetPolar Knowledge CanadaHelsingin YliopistoEuropean CommissionRussian Science FoundationSvenska Forskningsrådet FormasBiodiversa+Aarhus UniversitetKempestiftelsernaRural and Environment Science and Analytical Services DivisionSkogssällskapetCarnegie Trust for the Universities of ScotlandSocietas pro Fauna et Flora FennicaUniversity of WollongongSouthern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land ManagementVillum FondenUniversity of Notre DameMinistry of Education and Science of UkraineConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoMinistry of Environment, Forest and Climate ChangeWashington University in St. LouisFundación Ramón ArecesNational Science FoundationVlaamse regeringUniversidad de AlcaláNational Research Foundation
KeywordsEnvironmental scienceGlobal changeSoil sciencePhysical geographyClimate changeClimatologyGeographyGeologyOceanography
Abstract
fetched live from OpenAlexAbstract Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1‐km 2 resolution for 0–5 and 5–15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1‐km 2 pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse‐grained air temperature estimates from ERA5‐Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10°C (mean = 3.0 ± 2.1°C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 ± 2.3°C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (−0.7 ± 2.3°C). The observed substantial and biome‐specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near‐surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil‐related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.065
Threshold uncertainty score0.999
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Teacher spread0.222 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it
