Air‐Processed Organic Photovoltaics for Outdoor and Indoor Use Based upon a Tin Oxide‐Perylene Diimide Electron Transporting Bilayer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Efficient organic photovoltaics (OPV) based on SnO2 | perylene diimide (PDI) bilayer as an electron transport layer (ETL) is fabricated and tested in an ambient environment. The PTQ10:Y6 photoactive system is used as the primary bulk‐heterojunction. Without any surface treatment, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of SnO2‐based OPV devices is 1.5%. Treating the SnO2 nano‐particles with UV‐ozone and then applying a layer of N‐annulated PDI with a functional NH bond (PDIN‐H) on top increase device PCEs to 9.2%. For indoor applications, the OPV device PCE rises from 8.1% to 12.3% when PDIN‐H is employed on SnO2 and tested under low light conditions, without the need for light soaking. The SnO2 | PDIN‐H ETL bilayer is slot‐die coated and corresponding OPV devices have a PCE of 7.9%, demonstrating utility for OPV scale‐up. The hybrid ETL is tested with other photoactive systems employing Y6, Y7, and IDIC as acceptors, as well as PM6 donor, and all these cases yield OPV devices with improved PCE when compared to OPV devices with SnO2‐only ETLs. These results show the successful implementation of SnO2 | PDIN‐H as an ETL for OPV.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".