Electron Localization and Lattice Strain Induced by Surface Lithium Doping Enable Ampere‐Level Electrosynthesis of Formate from CO<sub>2</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The electrochemical CO 2 conversion to formate is a promising approach for reducing CO 2 level and obtaining value‐added chemicals, but its partial current density is still insufficient to meet the industrial demands. Herein, we developed a surface‐lithium‐doped tin (s‐SnLi) catalyst by controlled electrochemical lithiation. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the Li dopants introduced electron localization and lattice strains on the Sn surface, thus enhancing both activity and selectivity of the CO 2 electroreduction to formate. The s‐SnLi electrocatalyst exhibited one of the best CO 2 ‐to‐formate performances, with a partial current density of −1.0 A cm −2 for producing formate and a corresponding Faradaic efficiency of 92 %. Furthermore, Zn–CO 2 batteries equipped with the s‐SnLi catalyst displayed one of the highest power densities of 1.24 mW cm −2 and an outstanding stability of >800 cycles. Our work suggests a promising approach to incorporate electron localization and lattice strain for the catalytic sites to achieve efficient CO 2 ‐to‐formate electrosynthesis toward potential commercialization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".