Enhanced Electroconversion CO<sub>2</sub>‐to‐Formate by Oxygen‐Vacancy‐Rich Ultrasmall Bi‐Based Catalyst Over a Wide Potential Window
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Bi‐based materials quickly rise as promising candidates for electrochemical CO 2 ‐to‐formate conversion. However, most of them only display a narrow potential range for the desired formate selectivity. Herein, we designed an oxygen‐vacancy‐rich ultrasmall bismuth subcarbonate supported on reduced graphene oxide composite (Vo‐BOC/G) for electrochemical CO 2 ‐to‐formate conversion. The Vo‐BOC/G exhibits an outstanding formate selectivity up to 100 % at −1.2 V vs. RHE and an impressive partial current density of 38 mA cm −2 in 0.1 M KHCO 3 . More importantly, the considerable formate selectivity (>80 %) was obtained over an impressively wide potential range of 600 mV, superior over most of reported Bi‐based electrocatalysts under the same conditions. Theoretical results show the abundant Vo defects significantly lower energy barrier for *CO 2 formation, resulting in high formate selectivity over a wider potential window. This work may pave the way for Bi‐based materials application in different renewable energy‐conversion devices.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".