Lifetime History of Concussion Among Youth With ADHD Presenting to a Specialty Concussion Clinic
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Child and adolescent student athletes with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) report a greater lifetime history of concussion than those without ADHD. This case-control study compared youth with and without ADHD presenting for care at a specialty concussion clinic on their lifetime history of concussion. We hypothesized that a greater proportion of youth with ADHD would report a history of prior concussion. Archival clinical data from patients presenting to a specialty concussion clinic in Montreal, Québec, Canada between September 2015 and August 2019 were analyzed. The sample included 2,418 children and adolescents (age: M = 13.6, SD = 2.7, range 5–18 years; 50.9% girls), including 294 (12.2%) with ADHD and 2,124 (87.8%) without ADHD. The proportion with prior concussion among youth with ADHD (43.9%) was significantly greater than youth without ADHD [37.5%, χ2 = 4.41, p = 0.04, OR = 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.67]. A significantly higher proportion of boys with ADHD had a prior concussion history (48.1%) than boys without ADHD [38.4%, χ2 = 5.33, p = 0.02, OR = 1.48 (95% CI: 1.06–2.09)], but this difference was not observed for girls (χ2 = 0.31, p = 0.58). Youth with ADHD did not differ with regard to their estimated longest duration of symptoms from a prior concussion (Z = 1.52, p = 0.13) and the proportion who reported taking longer than 28 days to recover from a prior concussion did not differ between those with ADHD (15.3%) and without ADHD (12.2%), χ2 = 2.20, p = 0.14. Among youth presenting to a specialty clinic, ADHD was associated with greater lifetime history of concussion but not a greater duration of symptoms from a prior injury.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".