Controlling Listeria monocytogenes Growth and Biofilm Formation Using Flavonoids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of natural plant-derivate products (flavonoid compounds) to inhibit the growth and biofilm-forming ability of Listeria monocytogenes. A collection of 500 synthetic and natural flavonoids were tested individually on strains of L. monocytogenes for their antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity. The flavonoids were tested against a L. monocytogenes cocktail of five strains at a concentration of 100 μM to determine their effect on planktonic growth. The optical density was measured every hour for 24 h at 37°C, and every hour for 48 h at 22°C. A total of 17 flavonoids were chosen for further study because of their ability to significantly reduce the growth of L. monocytogenes up to 97%. An additional two flavonoids that increased planktonic growth were chosen as well to investigate whether they had the same effect on biofilm growth. A lower concentration of flavonoid compounds (50 μM) was selected to investigate the individual effects on L. monocytogenes biofilm formation using (i) stainless steel coupons to quantify biomass using crystal violet staining and (ii) glass slides using confocal laser scanning microscopic (CLSM) imaging to observe the biofilm architecture. The 19 flavonoids showed various levels of L. monocytogenes biofilm growth inhibition, ranging from 2 to 100% after 48 h of incubation at 22 or 10°C. This includes 18 of the 19 flavonoids significantly (P ≤ 0.05) inhibiting L. monocytogenes biofilm formation on stainless steel coupons under at least one of the testing conditions. However, only one flavonoid compound demonstrated significant biofilm inhibition (P ≤ 0.05) under all conditions tested. Furthermore, 8 of the selected 19 flavonoid compounds showed visible reductions through CLSM in L. monocytogenes biofilm formation. Overall, we identified five flavonoid compounds to be promising antibiofilm and antimicrobial agents against L. monocytogenes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".