Prevalence and Factors Associated With Transfusion-Transmitted Infections Among Blood Donors at the National Blood Transfusion and Research Center, Sana’a, Yemen, 2017
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background Yemen is facing major challenges in ensuring the safety and availability of blood transfusion to meet the increased demand due to the protracted conflict. However, transfusion-transmissible infectious agents (TTIs) such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), syphilis, and malaria remain the greatest threats for blood transfusion safety in such fragile, conflict-affected, and vulnerable settings. Objective The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of TTIs among blood donors attending the National Blood Transfusion and Research Center (NBTRC) and the associated factors. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on 340 blood donors at the NBTRC during November and December 2017. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a predesigned questionnaire that covered sociodemographic characteristics and possible TTI-associated factors. Blood samples were drawn and tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV antibodies, HIV1, and HIV2 using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays, and syphilis and malaria antibodies were screened with rapid immunochromatographic techniques. Results The overall prevalence of TTIs was 8.8%, with HBV, HCV, HIV, syphilis, and malaria accounting for 2.5%, 1.2%, 0.3%, 1.2%, and 3.2% of all TTIs, respectively. HBV was significantly associated with a history of jaundice and cupping. Furthermore, urethro-vaginal excretion was significantly associated with syphilis, whereas malaria detection was significantly higher among donors from malaria-endemic areas. Nearly three-quarters of donations were from replacement donors who had a significantly higher TTI prevalence than that of the voluntary donors (10.4% vs 3.3%; odds ratio 3.4, 95% CI 1.1-11.6). Conclusions Although the prevalence of TTIs is low, they still pose a serious risk for blood recipients, especially in fragile, conflict-affected, and vulnerable settings where the needs for blood transfusion are increasing and resources are limited. Therefore, using more sensitive screening methods and establishment of a TTIs surveillance system should be considered. Efforts should be made to improve donor recruitment procedures and increase the proportion of regular and voluntary blood donation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".