Mortality associated with nonrestorative short sleep or nonrestorative long time-in-bed in middle-aged and older adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Associations of sleep duration with human health could differ depending on whether sleep is restorative. Using data from 5804 participants of the Sleep Heart Health Study, we examined the longitudinal association of sleep restfulness combined with polysomnography-measured total sleep time (TST) or time in bed (TIB), representing different sleeping behaviors, with all-cause mortality. Among middle-aged adults, compared with restful intermediate TST quartile, the lowest TST quartile with feeling unrested was associated with higher mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.54; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-2.33); the highest TST quartile with feeling rested was associated with lower mortality (HR, 0.55; 95% CI 0.32-0.97). Among older adults, the highest TIB quartile with feeling unrested was associated with higher mortality, compared with restful intermediate TIB quartile (HR, 1.57; 95% CI 1.23-2.01). Results suggest a role of restorative sleep in differentiating the effects of sleep duration on health outcomes in midlife and beyond.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".