Pulmonary Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Ex-Preterm Children with and without Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Rationale Children born prematurely, particularly those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, have persisting lung abnormalities requiring longitudinal monitoring. Pulmonary ultrashort echo time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements may provide sensitive markers of persisting lung abnormalities and have not been evaluated in school-aged children born prematurely. Objectives To compare pulmonary MRI and pulmonary function test measurements in preterm-born school-aged children with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Methods Children aged 7–9 years, born extremely preterm, with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia, were recruited from three centers. Participants underwent pulmonary ultrashort echo time MRI and pulmonary function tests. Primary outcomes included total proton density and proton density at full expiration, measured using MRI. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed, adjusting for gestational age and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Associations between MRI and pulmonary function were tested. Results Thirty-five children were included in the primary analysis (24 with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, 11 without); 29 completed pulmonary function tests, of whom 11 (38%) had airflow limitation. Children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had 44% (95% confidence interval [CI], 10–66%) lower mean total proton density (mean ± standard deviation, 3.6 ± 2.6) than those without (6.1 ± 4.0). Those with bronchopulmonary dysplasia had 25% (95% CI, 3–42%) lower proton density at full expiration than those without. Lower total proton density and proton density at full expiration were moderately correlated with greater residual volume, residual volume/total lung capacity, and lung clearance index (Spearman correlations for total proton density: −0.42, −0.57, and −0.53, respectively. Spearman correlations for proton density at full expiration: −0.28, −0.57, and −0.45, respectively). Conclusions School-aged preterm-born children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia have parenchymal tissue abnormalities measured using ultrashort MRI proton density, compared with those without. MRI proton density correlated with pulmonary function measures indicative of gas trapping. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02921308).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".