The relationship between homocysteine, oxidative stress, and cognition in mild cognitive impairment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Homocysteine (Hcy) generates reactive oxygen species and has been associated with cardiovascular disease and impaired cognition. While the relationship between Hcy and cognition has been extensively studied in other disorders, it has not been well characterized in mild vascular cognitive impairment (mVCI). Due to Hcy’s effect on vasculature and increased oxidative stress burden, individuals with elevated Hcy may be at greater risk of developing vascular dementia (VaD). This study investigated the relationship between Hcy, oxidative stress, and cognition. Method Participants were mVCI patients enrolled in a cardiac rehabilitation program. Cognition was assessed via National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and the Canadian Stroke Network (NINDS‐CSN) recommended battery, and blood was analyzed for Hcy and glutathione S‐transferase (GST), which modulates reactive oxygen species. Statistical analyses were performed using linear regression models in SPSS 26. Result There are 26 participants (73% male, 69% Caucasian, mean (SD) age=68.1 (7.2), years of education=15.7 (3.3)) with cardiovascular risk factors (62% hypertensive, 65% dyslipidemia, 31% diabetic, BMI=29.8 (5.1)) enrolled in the study to date. Mean plasma Hcy concentration was 13.4 μmol/L, with 9 participants classified as elevated (≥15 μmol/L). In preliminary analyses, plasma Hcy (stand. β=0.09, p=0.65) did not significantly predict executive function (F(2,23)=0.77, p=0.47) or verbal memory (F(2,23) =1.62, p=0.22). Hcy (stand. β = 0.684, p=0.013) significantly predicted GST activity (F(2,11) = 4.542, p=0.013, adj. R2 = 0.353), with a medium effect size. Conclusion Findings suggest that increased Hcy may be associated with compensatory increased GST activity in mVCI. A larger sample size will allow further analysis of cognition with additional covariates in this at‐risk population with increased oxidative stress.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".