The effects of exercise on blood pressure and cognitive function in older adults with hypertension and subjective cognitive decline
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background The impact of exercise on cognition in older adults with hypertension and subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is unclear. In this study, we examined the influence of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) combined with mind‐motor training on cognition and systolic blood pressure (BP) in older adults with hypertension and SCD. Method We randomized 128 community‐dwelling older adults (age mean [SD]: 71.1 [6.7], 47.7% females) with history of hypertension and SCD to either HIIT or a moderate‐intensity continuous training (MCT) group. Both groups received 15 minutes of mind‐motor training followed by 45 minutes of either HIIT or MCT. Participants exercised in total 60 minutes/day, 3 days/week for 6 months. We assessed changes in global cognitive functioning (GCF), Trail‐Making Test (TMT), systolic and diastolic BP, and cardiorespiratory fitness, using linear mixed regression models for repeated measurements. We also determined whether changes in cardiorespiratory fitness would be associated with changes in cognition and BP using hierarchical regression models adjusting for age and years of education. Result After 6 months, participants in both groups had improved cardiorespiratory fitness (F[1, 69]= 34.795, p < 0.001), TMT A (F[1, 81.51]= 26.871, p < 0.001) and B (F[1, 79.49]= 23.107, p < 0.001). Both groups also had improved diastolic BP (F[1, 87.32] = 4.392, p = 0.039), with greatest effect within the HIIT group (estimated mean change [95% CI]: ‐2.64 mmHg, [‐4.79 to ‐0.48], p = 0.017),but no between‐group differences were noted. Improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness across groups was associated with improved TMT A (unstandardized B = 0.21, p = 0.044), but not TMT B (unstandardized B = 0.002, p = 0.84) or diastolic BP (unstandardized B = ‐0.070, p = 0.58). There were no within‐ or between‐group differences in GCF or systolic BP. Conclusion Exercise of high‐ or moderate‐intensity seems to impart modest but positive effects on vascular health and lower‐level cognitive processing. The association between improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness and lower‐level cognition suggest a mechanistic effect. Future research in older adults with hypertension should consider modulating other aspects of exercise training or employ other exercise modalities to benefit cognition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".