Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite a long history of cooperation, Russia's energy policy towards the European Union has recently been the subject of great consternation amongst scholars and policymakers due to the gas disputes of 2006 and 2009. In addition to European efforts aimed at liberalizing its internal energy market, the looming expiry of the latest Russia-Ukraine gas transit agreement has raised concerns about Russia's potential use of the 'energy weapon,' or more simply its ability to compel European policymakers to acquiesce to various Russian demands through the threat of shutting off gas exports to Europe. Ultimately, I find that this scenario is highly unlikely in the near future, as Russia's foreign energy policy towards the European Union is characterized by a diverse range of interests that largely revolve around achieving security of demand. As such, both the Russian state and Gazprom are significantly limited in their ability to exercise influence over the European Union through natural gas exports, as attempting to do so would jeopardize their domestic political and commercial interests. Moreover, market liberalization in both EU and Russian natural gas markets have weakened the overtly geopolitical aspects of Russia’s energy policy towards the European Union.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".