Transition milestones and life satisfaction at ages 25/26 among cohorts born in 1970 and 1989–90
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The transition to adulthood has become more prolonged, complex, and risk-laden over the past two decades. These changes may contribute to the decline in wellbeing observed among young adults. We test the role of reaching different transition milestones on life satisfaction by ages 25-26 among men and women born 20 years apart in 1970 and 1989-90, using data from the 1970 British Cohort (men n = 3764, women n = 4568) and Next Steps (men n = 3246, women n = 4281) studies. We regressed life satisfaction on education, housing tenure, cohabitation with parents, economic activity, relationship status, and parenthood, and tested the role of changes in the prevalence and association of milestones in explaining cohort differences in life satisfaction using decomposition analyses. Home ownership, full-time employment, cohabitation with a partner, and marriage were robust predictors of life satisfaction in both cohorts. Comparing cohorts, the association of milestones with life satisfaction was stable among men but differed among women: in the later-born cohort, women no longer benefitted from higher education and further suffered from not being in full-time employment. The findings shed new light on the relationships between young adult transitions and life satisfaction during the third decade of life. These support the argument that decreases in wellbeing may be driven by changes in the prevalence and meaning of these milestones over time, particularly among women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".