COSSACK ARMED ACTIONS IN THE 20-30s OF THE XVIITH CENTURY – LOST CHANCE TO REFORM RZECHPOSPOLITA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article analyses the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century as the lost chance to reform Rzechpospolita and transform it into a powerful state of the three peoples – Polish, Lithuanian and Ukrainian. It has been found out that after the establishment of Rzechpospolita in 1569 and due to the intergovernmental union of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Ukrainian Cossacks considerably strengthened over the 50 years and became a powerful factor of influence in socio-political and interstate relations of that time. It has been established that at the beginning the Cossacks, conscious of their strength and combat ability, tried to peacefully negotiate with the authorities of Rzechpospolita. Nonetheless after the authorities abandoned a constructive dialogue they began recalcitrance actions, which subsequently turned into bloodthirsty uprisings. The conclusions of the paper state that the Cossack armed actions in the 20-30's of the XVIIth century played a decisive role in Ukrainian ethnic, ethno-cultural, state-building and nation-building processes, but they did not contribute to the reform of Rzechpospolita. In the first quarter of the XVIIth century due to P. Sagaidachny the evolutionary development dominated in the national state formation. In the second quarter of the same century revolutionary means of the Ukrainians (Rus’ians, Rusyns) state and nation formation prevailed. Those were armed actions, military confrontation between the Cossacks and the Polish authorities, the Rus’s magnates and their accomplices, including part of the registered Cossacks, as the main stratum of the social life in the Dnieper region in the second quarter of the XVIIth century. We firmly believe that the Ukrainian Cossacks were the main facilitators and the driving force of the state and nation-building in Ukraine, which ultimately caused the rebellion led by Khmelnitsky and the formation of the Ukrainian Cossack-Hetman State (Hetmanate), which in turn became the underlying ground for the Ukrainians in their heroic struggle for preservation of ethnic identity, restoration of their statehood and formation of a political nation from the end of the XVIIth and to the beginning of the XXIst century.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".