Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Neuroblastoma, the third most common childhood tumour, originates from the sympathetic nervous system. Neuroblastoma is well known for its diverse clinical behaviour, ranging from spontaneous regression or maturation to aggressive metastatic disease. Neuroblastoma biology is complex and heterogeneous. The identification of genetic changes ( deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy, MYCN amplification and aberrations of chromosome 1p, 11q and 17q) and clinical variables (e.g. age and stage) that are highly predictive of outcome has facilitated stratification of patients into prognostic subsets and delivery of risk‐adapted therapies. However, the key events that govern neuroblastoma initiation, differentiation or progression remain elusive. To date, no single oncogene or tumour suppressor gene has been identified in the majority of neuroblastoma tumours. Furthermore, despite recent improvements with the addition of immunotherapy the survival for high‐risk neuroblastoma patients remains low and will require identification of novel therapeutic targets. The ultimate goal is to provide individualised assessment and therapy based on both the genetic variables of the patient as well as the tumour. Key Concepts: Neuroblastoma has diverse clinical behaviour and heterogeneous biology. Amplification of the MYCN gene in neuroblastoma is prototypic for recurrent amplification of a proto‐oncogene in human cancers. Both germline and somatic ALK mutations are present in neuroblastoma. Specific genetic changes, such as MYCN amplification, or loss of heterozygosity of 1p or 11q are highly predictive of poor prognosis. Neuroblastoma treatment involves risk‐adapted therapy, where patients are stratified into risk groups based on both clinical variables and tumour biology and the goal of current treatment strategies is to use these prognostic factors to decrease the intensity of therapy delivered to low and intermediate risk patients. The current International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) Staging System utilises age, disease stage, tumour histology, MYCN status, DNA ploidy, aberrations of chromosome 11p to assign pre‐treatment risk groups. DNA copy number alterations of primary tumours allow the identification of two subgroups: (1) whole chromosome gains that result in hyperdiploidy are usually present in favourable prognosis tumours and (2) segmental chromosomal aberrations (e.g. MYCN amplification) are usually associated with poor prognosis tumours. Immunotherapy with anti‐GD2 antibody and cytokines following stem cell transplant has led to the first major improvement in survival for patients with high‐risk neuroblastoma in the past two decades.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.127 | 0.081 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".