Apathy across neurodegenerative disorders is associated with sex‐specific changes in sub‐cortical and cortical grey matter volumes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Apathy is frequent in all neurodegenerative disorders (ND) but it is not known whether apathy across these diagnostic groups is associated with common brain changes. Here, we investigated if MRI‐derived grey matter volumes (GMV) predicted apathy across these disorders. Method Subjects from the Canadian Consortium on Neurodegeneration in Aging’s COMPASS‐ND cohort were diagnosed with clinical and MRI assessments. Apathy was defined on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory questionnaire. GMV derived from cortical and sub‐cortical regions were used to predict apathy in subjects with ND, controlling for age, sex, years of education (YoE), and total GMV. Result Included subjects (n=386, 72.5 ± 7.3y, 43.5% F, YoE: 15.6 ± 3.8y, Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (MoCA): 23 ± 4.4) were diagnosed with subjective cognitive impairment (n=55), mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n=144), Alzheimer’s disease (n=56), Parkinson’s disease (PD) without cognitive impairment (n=34), PD‐MCI (n=23), PD dementia (n=6), vascular MCI (n=15), mixed dementia (n=25), Lewy body dementia (n=14), and Frontotemporal dementia (n=12). Apathy was present in 114 (29.5%, 72.9 ± 7.2y, 23.7% F, YoE: 15.3 ± 4.1y, MoCA: 21.1 ± 4.2) subjects. After adjusting for covariates, apathy was predicted by lower left (B=‐2.37, z=‐2.84, pfdr=.044) and higher right GMV (B=2.34, z=2.92, pfdr=.044) of the caudate nucleus. Apathy was better predicted by men (B=1.36, z=3.89, pfdr=.003); hence the analysis was repeated separately in men and women. In men (n=218, apathy=87), in addition to caudate GMV (left: B=‐2.79, z=‐2.73, pfdr=.044; right: B=2.85, z=2.83, pfdr=.044), apathy was predicted by higher left (B=2.74, z=2.84, pfdr =.044) and lower right (B=‐3.42, z=‐3.32, pfdr=.025) GMV in the putamen; in women (n=168, apathy= 27), apathy was predicted by higher left (B=22.4, z=3.5, pfdr =.006) and lower right (B=‐21.85, z= ‐3.64, pfdr =.006) frontal lobe GMV but not caudate GMV. Conclusion In a large cohort of ND patients, GMV changes in caudate nuclei were associated with apathy. Importantly, apathy in women was associated with frontal lobe GMV changes, suggesting that the neural correlates of apathy might differ in men and women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".