Revealing the role of the constant phase element in relaxor ferroelectrics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Relaxor ferroelectrics exhibit both static and dynamic local structural order which controls their frequency-dependent electrical properties. A combination of advanced scattering and microscopy techniques have been used recently to determine the local structure of relaxors. To complement these, here we show an approach to electrical property measurements which identifies local dipoles whose switching is co-operative, temperature-dependent and responsible for the observed dispersion in dielectric properties. Impedance measurements and equivalent circuit analysis of a canonical relaxor, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 single crystal, over the ranges 180–1050 K and 100 Hz–1 MHz, show that incorporation of a single constant phase element into the equivalent circuit used to fit experimental data is able to account fully for the dispersions that characterise the relaxor response, over this frequency range. This allows parametrisation of the relaxor behaviour, gives increased understanding of the relaxation mechanisms responsible and forms the basis for modifying and controlling relaxor characteristics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".