Bibliographic record
Abstract
В статье автор обращается к дискуссионной в исторической науке проблеме – возникнове-нию ранних политических партий в Англии во второй половине XVII века и становлению двух-партийной системы на рубеже XVII–XVIII веков. На основе анализа произведений современников эпохи – известных деятелей просветительского движения Г. Болингброка, Дж. Свифта, Д. Дефо, Р. Стиля, Дж. Аддисона, маркиза Галифакса делается вывод о существовании в указанный период партий тори и вигов и их борьбе за власть. Ранние политические партии заметно разнились с теми, которые существуют в современном мире. В то же время нельзя сбрасывать со счетов атрибуты, одинаково присущие ранним и современным партиям (партийная пресса, клубы, партийная пропа-ганда во время избирательных кампаний, деятельность идеологов и партийных лидеров). В пользу существования двухпартийной системы в ту пору говорит и наличие как однопартийных, так и смешанных кабинетов министров. К началу XVIII века политические партии заняли прочное ме-сто в структуре государственного правления, а двухпартийная система сделалась неотъемлемой частью конституционного устройства Англии. In the article, the author addresses the problem discussed in historical science – the emergence of early political parties in England in the second half of the XVIIth century and the formation of a two-party sys-tem at the turn of the XVII–XVIIIth centuries. Basing on the analysis of the works of contemporaries of the era – famous figures of the Enlightenment H. Bolingbroke, J. Swift, D. Defoe, R. Style, J. Addison, the Marquis of Halifax, author concludes that the Tory and Whig parties existed in this period and struggled for power. The early political parties were noticeably different from those that exist in the modern world. At the same time, it is impossible to discount the attributes that are equally inherent in early and modern parties (the party press, clubs, party propaganda during election campaigns, the activities of ideologists and party leaders). In favor of the existence of a two-party system at that time, the presence of both single-party and mixed cabinet ministers also speaks. By the beginning of the XVIIIth century, political gained a firm place in the structure of state government, and the two-party system became an integral part of the constitutional structure of England.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".