The relationship between nitrous oxide sedation and psychosocial factors in the pediatric outpatient setting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Moderate sedation using nitrous oxide (N2O) has become common in pediatric dentistry. However, less is known regarding the role of patients' characteristics and psychosocial factors in their cooperative behavior during dental procedures with N2O. Aims This study aimed to examine pediatric dental patients' behaviors while undergoing N2O sedation and to measure the associations between child's cooperative behavior and demographic, physiological responses, and psychosocial factors. Methods In this within‐subject observational study, participants received 40% N2O/O2, by nasal hood, for non‐surgical dental procedures. The main outcome measure was the extent of cooperative behaviors, as assessed by the Frankl scale at five timepoints, namely T1: pre‐administration of N2O, T2: post‐administration of N2O, T3: dental injection, T4: dental treatment, and T5: post‐procedure administration of 100% O2. Predictors included age, sex, psychosocial factors reported using the Parenting Style and Dimension Questionnaire and Spence Children Anxiety Scale, as well as pulse rate, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation. The Wilcoxon signed‐rank test and generalized estimation equation were used for data analyses. Results In 80 children with a mean age of 7.2 (2.2) years, administration of N2O was significantly associated with cooperative behaviors (odds ratio [OR]:2.62, confidence interval [CI]: 1.46–4.70, p = .001) when adjusted for other predictors. There was no interaction between any of the predictors and N2O sedation on behaviors. Except for the authoritative parenting style (OR: 1.96, CI: 1.16–3.31, p = .012), which predicted more cooperative behaviors, other predictors were not associated with behavioral outcomes. Conclusion In children sedated with N2O, behavior was independent of the child's demographic and psychosocial factors. While sedated, demographics, vital signs, and anxiety did not contribute to behavior management. However, screening for parenting style may help predict the child's behavioral response.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".