The use of cognitive measures in older adults with concurrent hearing and vision impairment: A scoping review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Older adults with dual sensory impairment (DSI/combined hearing and visual impairment), are more likely to obtain poorer scores on cognitive tests. Whether these results are due to poor cognitive function or inappropriate or absent adaptation of test administration for sensory impaired older adults is unclear. Given that this population is at higher risk of developing dementia, e.g., due to Alzheimer’s disease, ensuring optimal test administration is imperative to provide adequate cognitive care. Therefore, we mapped the existing scientific literature on various cognitive measures/tools that have been used to screen or assess cognitive impairment in older adults with DSI. Method A scoping review was conducted using the Arksey and O’Malley framework (2005). Scientific articles were searched across eleven databases (CINAHL, Embase, Global Health, Mednar, OAIster, OpenGrey, PsycEXTRA, PsycINFO, PubMed, Web of Science, and WorldWideScience). The inclusion criteria were: the articles considered and/or measured cognitive function, in individuals with DSI, aged 65 and older. Extracted data included sample cognitive status, cognitive measure type (objective or subjective), reported cognitive domains evaluated by the measure, psychometric properties as well as reported, if any, sensibility measures during administration. Result Of 11,595 articles retrieved, fifty‐six (n = 56) met the inclusion criteria. All but five (n=5) studies employed an objective measure of cognitive function. The most commonly used cognitive test in studies with older adults with DSI is the Mini‐Mental State Examination (1975) with almost 1/3 of the studies reporting its use (n=17). More importantly, none of the studies in this scoping review used cognitive tests that were adapted for vision and hearing impairment, highlighting that optimal cognitive assessment in DSI is neglected. Conclusion Most objective cognitive tests include vision‐ and hearing‐dependent items and require functional vision and/or hearing for both the administration and the execution of these tests. Our study confirmed the use of commonly used standardized tests, initially validated in a healthy population, to measure the cognitive function of older adults with DSI. Identifying these generally utilized tools is the first step to developing optimal adaptations in their administration for this vulnerable population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.015 | 0.086 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.023 | 0.020 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".