Examination of cognitive performance and mild behavioral impairment domains of apathy, mood, impulse dyscontrol, social inappropriateness and psychosis in cognitively normal adults aged 50 and over
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Mild Behavioral Impairment describes a spectrum of later‐life onset sustained neuropsychiatric symptoms which are a risk state for dementia. Symptoms which constitute MBI can be grouped into apathy, mood, impulse dyscontrol, social inappropriateness and psychosis. While previous studies have shown the presence of any MBI symptoms (i.e. a global measure) to be associated with worse cognitive performance over one‐year, little is known about the individual constituent domains. In this study we examined the cognitive correlates of each of the five MBI domains over two years in a cognitively normal sample. Method Data from 8,001 participants aged 50 or over taking part in the PROTECT study were analysed. Cognitive performance was assessed at baseline and after two years via completion of a battery of four tests broadly assessing working memory and elements of executive function (paired associates learning, digit span, self‐ordered search and verbal reasoning). MBI status was ascertained at baseline using the MBI‐C at the same time as performance on the first cognitive test. Change in cognitive performance was calculated was a difference score (year 2‐baseline) and analysed in a regression model with MBI domain score as the predictor and controlling for relevant medical and demographics covariates. Result The mean age of the sample was 62 and ∼75% were women. Apathy, mood and impulse dyscontrol were associated with worse cognitive performance across all four cognitive tests, the largest effects were observed for impulse dyscontrol on self‐ordered search and verbal reasoning (β= ‐0.05, p=<0.001; β= ‐0.12, p=0.005 respectively). Social inappropriateness was only associated with worse performance on digit span and self‐ordered search (β= ‐0.08, p=0.005; β= ‐0.11, p=0.018) while there were no cognitive changes associated with psychotic symptoms. Conclusion We present the first longitudinal analysis of the relationship between individual MBI domains and cognition. The worse cognitive performance over two years associated with impulse dyscontrol and social inappropriateness highlight the importance of non‐affective symptomology in later life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".