Estimation of population exposure to terrestrial gamma rays in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Based on ground gamma ray spectrometry surveys conducted from 2007 to 2010 in populated areas across Canada (i.e. in southern Canada, excluding the northern territories), and with consideration of the exposure outdoors and indoors in various types of buildings as well as exposure to radionuclides in building materials (assuming most building materials are of local origin), the population-weighted annual effective dose from exposure to terrestrial gamma rays was estimated to be 167 ± 43 μSv. Under Canadian-specific average occupancy times, indoor exposures at home contribute 69% of the total annual effective dose, followed by 19% from indoor exposures other than at home, 6.2% from outdoor exposures and 5.8% from exposures inside vehicles. This assessment with measurements in a total of 1057 sites in populated areas across Canada is in general agreement with earlier assessments based on airborne gamma surveys mostly over unpopulated areas of Canada and truck-borne radiometric surveys along paved urban roads in four cities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".